Objective This paper analyzed age、sex and pathological diagnosis of patients with thyroid diseases ,observed the epidemiological characteristics of thyroid diseases, analyzed the constituent characteristic of thyroid disease, summarized the preventive strategy of thyroid diseases. Methods To review the medical records of patients with thyroid disease in a hospital in Harbin in 2016 and to carry out a descriptive study of patients with thyroid disease. Results Thyroid disease is concentrated in the 40-60 age group of high incidence, gender trends in men and women are obvious, the median age of males is generally earlier than women. Papillary thyroid carcinoma accounts for 99% of all thyroid malignancies, the proportion of thyroid malignancies ranks first in all thyroid diseases. Conclusions The incidence and constituent ratio of thyroid malignancy showd a rapidly increased tendency, should further seek the relevant risk factors and preventive measures.